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	Toxin Name μ-agatoxin-Aa1d Source Species Agelenopsis  aperta (Western grass spider) Toxin Group Agatoxin Description Insecticidal neurotoxin that induces an irreversible spastic paralysis when injected into insects. Modifies presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels, causing them to open at the normal resting potential of the nerve. This leads to spontaneous release of neurotransmitter and repetitive action potentials in motor neurons. Present at a concentration of ~1.3 mM in Agelenopsis aperta venom. An engineered baculovirus expressing a μ-agatoxin-Aa1d transgene has improved insecticidal efficacy. The 3D structure of the toxin contains an inhibitory cystine knot motif. Discovered 1988 This toxin last updated on Aug 20, 2010 Taxonomy Current Taxonomy Historic Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Order Araneae Infra-order Araneomorphae Family Agelenidae Genus Agelenopsis Species aperta Agelena aperta Agelenopsis aperta Agelenopsis aperta guttata Agelenopsis gertschi Biological Activity Neurotoxin Molecular Target ED50 IC50 Kd Pharmacophore Comment Sodium channel, voltage-gated (para-type) (invertebrate) Taxon ED50 LD50 PD50 Qualitative Information Musca domestica 30.0  pmol/g Manduca sexta 9524.0  pmol/g LD50 value converted from literature value of 40 ug/g using a molecular weight of 4199.7 Da for the fully oxidized peptide Accessions Source Accession ArachnoServer AS000381 InterPro IPR016328 InterPro IPR009243 NCBI_Taxon 6908 PDB 1EIU PDB 1EIV Pfam PF05980 PIR D32038 PIRSF PIRSF001882 PROSITE PS60015 UniProt P11060 Literature References Original Deposition References Skinner W.S., Adams M.E., Quistad G.B., Kataoka H., Cesarin B.J., Enderlin F.E., Schooley D.A. J. Biol. Chem. 264:2150-2155(1989). Purification and characterization of two classes of neurotoxins from the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. Omecinsky D.O., Holub K.E., Adams M.E., Reily M.D. Biochemistry 35:2836-2844(1996). Three-dimensional structure analysis of mu-agatoxins: further evidence for common motifs among neurotoxins with diverse ion channel specificities. Other References Adams M.E., Herold E.E., Venema V.J. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 164:333-342(1989) Two classes of channel-specific toxins from funnel web spider venom. Prikhod'ko G.G., Robson M., Warmke J.W., Cohen C.J., Smith M.M., Wang P., Warren V., Kaczorowski G., Van der Ploeg L.H.T., Miller L.K. Biological Control 7:236-244(1996) Properties of Three Baculovirus-Expressing Genes That Encode Insect-Selective Toxins: μ-Aga-IV, As II, and Sh I Adams M.E. Toxicon 43:509-525(2004) Agatoxins: ion channel specific toxins from the American funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. Protein Information Disulfide Bonds Posttranslational modifications Left Residue Right Residue Evidence 2 18 By homology 9 23 By homology 17 33 By homology 25 31 By homology Residue Number Type Symbol 37 C-terminal amidation NH₂ Sequences Peptide Sequences >as:μ-agatoxin-Aa1d|sp:P11060 Insecticidal neurotoxin (mu-Aga IV) from the spider Agelenopsis aperta ACVGENQQCADWAGPHCCDGYYCTCRYFPKCICRNNN Full BLAST BLAST mature toxin only Toxin Synonyms Synonym Type μ-agatoxin-Aa1d Recommended full name μ-AGTX-Aa1d Recommended abbreviation μ-agatoxin IV Synonym μ-Aga IV Synonym (abbreviation) Toxin Structure Please click a structure to view:
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