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| Toxin Name |
μ-agatoxin-Aa1a |
| Source Species |
Agelenopsis aperta (Western grass spider) |
| Toxin Group |
Agatoxin |
| Description |
Insecticidal neurotoxin that induces an irreversible spastic paralysis when injected into insects. Modifies presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels, causing them to open at the normal resting potential of the nerve. This leads to spontaneous release of neurotransmitter and repetitive action potentials in motor neurons. Present at a concentration of ~0.4 mM in Agelenopsis aperta venom. An engineered baculovirus expressing a transgene encoding the toxin isoform μ-agatoxin-Aa1d has improved insecticidal efficacy. The 3D structure of the toxin contains an inhibitory cystine knot motif. The toxin further shows strong sequence homologies to μ-agatoxin-Ao1a from the venom of the related species Agelena orientalis |
| Discovered |
1988 |
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| This toxin last updated on Aug 20, 2010 |
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| Current Taxonomy |
Historic Taxonomy |
| Kingdom |
Animalia |
| Phylum |
Arthropoda |
| Class |
Arachnida |
| Order |
Araneae |
| Infra-order |
Araneomorphae |
| Family |
Agelenidae |
| Genus |
Agelenopsis |
| Species |
aperta |
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| Agelena aperta |
| Agelenopsis aperta |
| Agelenopsis aperta guttata |
| Agelenopsis gertschi |
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| Molecular Target |
ED50 |
IC50 |
Kd |
Pharmacophore |
Comment |
| Sodium channel, voltage-gated (para-type) (invertebrate) |
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| Taxon |
ED50 |
LD50 |
PD50 |
Qualitative Information |
| Musca domestica |
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75.0
pmol/g
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| Manduca sexta |
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6565.0
pmol/g
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LD50 value converted from literature value of 28 ug/g using a molecular weight of 4265 Da for the fully oxidized peptide
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| Original Deposition References |
Skinner W.S., Adams M.E., Quistad G.B., Kataoka H., Cesarin B.J., Enderlin F.E., Schooley D.A.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 264:2150-2155(1989).
Purification and characterization of two classes of neurotoxins from the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta.
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Omecinsky D.O., Holub K.E., Adams M.E., Reily M.D.
Biochemistry 35:2836-2844(1996)
Three-dimensional structure analysis of mu-agatoxins: further evidence for common motifs among neurotoxins with diverse ion channel specificities.
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| Other References |
Adams M.E., Herold E.E., Venema V.J.
Journal of Comparative Physiology A 164:333-342(1989)
Two classes of channel-specific toxins from funnel web spider venom.
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Prikhod'ko G.G., Robson M., Warmke J.W., Cohen C.J., Smith M.M., Wang P., Warren V., Kaczorowski G., Van der Ploeg L.H.T., Miller L.K.
Biological Control 7:236-244(1996)
Properties of Three Baculovirus-Expressing Genes That Encode Insect-Selective Toxins: μ-Aga-IV, As II, and Sh I
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Adams M.E.
Toxicon 43:509-525(2004)
Agatoxins: ion channel specific toxins from the American funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta.
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| Disulfide Bonds |
Posttranslational modifications |
| Left Residue |
Right Residue |
Evidence |
| 2 |
17 |
Experimentally determined |
| 9 |
22 |
Experimentally determined |
| 16 |
32 |
Experimentally determined |
| 24 |
30 |
Experimentally determined |
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| Residue Number |
Type |
Symbol |
| 36 |
C-terminal amidation |
NH₂ |
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| Peptide Sequences |
>as:μ-agatoxin-Aa1a|sp:P11057 Insecticidal neurotoxin (mu-Aga I) from the spider Agelenopsis aperta
ECVPENGHCRDWYDECCEGFYCSCRQPPKCICRNNN |
Full BLAST |
BLAST mature toxin only
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| Synonym |
Type |
| μ-agatoxin-Aa1a |
Recommended full name |
| μ-AGTX-Aa1a |
Recommended abbreviation |
| μ-agatoxin I |
Synonym |
| μ-Aga I |
Synonym (abbreviation) |
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