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	Toxin Name μ-agatoxin-Aa1c Source Species Agelenopsis  aperta (Western grass spider) Toxin Group Agatoxin Description Insecticidal neurotoxin that induces an irreversible spastic paralysis when injected into insects. Modifies presynaptic voltage-gated sodium channels, causing them to open at the normal resting potential of the nerve. This leads to spontaneous release of neurotransmitter and repetitive action potentials in motor neurons. Present at a concentration of ~0.6 mM in Agelenopsis aperta venom. An engineered baculovirus expressing a transgene encoding the related toxin μ-agatoxin-Aa1d has improved insecticidal efficacy. The primary structure of the mature toxin is identical to μ-agatoxin-Hc1b (curtatoxin III) from the taxonomically related spider Hololena curta. Discovered 1988 This toxin last updated on Jul 21, 2010 Taxonomy Current Taxonomy Historic Taxonomy Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnida Order Araneae Infra-order Araneomorphae Family Agelenidae Genus Agelenopsis Species aperta Agelena aperta Agelenopsis aperta Agelenopsis aperta guttata Agelenopsis gertschi Biological Activity Neurotoxin Molecular Target ED50 IC50 Kd Pharmacophore Comment Sodium channel, voltage-gated (para-type) (invertebrate) Taxon ED50 LD50 PD50 Qualitative Information Musca domestica 580.0  pmol/g Manduca sexta 6685.0  pmol/g LD50 value converted from literature value of 28 ug/g using a molecular weight of 4188.6 Da for the fully oxidized peptide Accessions Source Accession ArachnoServer AS000379 HSSP P11060 InterPro IPR016328 InterPro IPR009243 NCBI_Taxon 6908 PDB 1EIT Pfam PF05980 PIR C32038 PIRSF PIRSF001882 PROSITE PS60015 UniProt P60178 Literature References Original Deposition References Skinner W.S., Adams M.E., Quistad G.B., Kataoka H., Cesarin B.J., Enderlin F.E., Schooley D.A. J. Biol. Chem. 264:2150-2155(1989). Purification and characterization of two classes of neurotoxins from the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. Other References Adams M.E., Herold E.E., Venema V.J. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 164:333-342(1989) Two classes of channel-specific toxins from funnel web spider venom. Omecinsky D.O., Holub K.E., Adams M.E., Reily M.D. Biochemistry 35:2836-2844(1996) Three-dimensional structure analysis of mu-agatoxins: further evidence for common motifs among neurotoxins with diverse ion channel specificities. Prikhod'ko G.G., Robson M., Warmke J.W., Cohen C.J., Smith M.M., Wang P., Warren V., Kaczorowski G., Van der Ploeg L.H.T., Miller L.K. Biological Control 7:236-244(1996) Properties of Three Baculovirus-Expressing Genes That Encode Insect-Selective Toxins: μ-Aga-IV, As II, and Sh I Adams M.E. Toxicon 43:509-525(2004) Agatoxins: ion channel specific toxins from the American funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. Protein Information Disulfide Bonds Posttranslational modifications Left Residue Right Residue Evidence 3 19 By homology 10 24 By homology 18 34 By homology 26 32 By homology Residue Number Type Symbol 38 C-terminal amidation NH₂ Sequences Peptide Sequences >as:μ-agatoxin-Aa1c|sp:P60178 Insecticidal neurotoxin (mu-Aga III) from the spider Agelenopsis aperta ADCVGDGQRCADWAGPYCCSGYYCSCRSMPYCRCRSDS Full BLAST BLAST mature toxin only Toxin Synonyms Synonym Type μ-agatoxin-Aa1c Recommended full name μ-AGTX-Aa1c Recommended abbreviation μ-agatoxin III Synonym μ-Aga III Synonym (abbreviation)
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