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| Toxin Name |
M-lycotoxin-Hc1a |
| Source Species |
Hogna carolinensis (Carolina wolf spider) |
| Toxin Group |
Lycotoxin |
| Description |
Cationic antimicrobial peptide that inhibits the growth of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and Leishmania. Forms an amphipathic alpha-helix that interacts preferentially with negatively charged lipid bilayers. Promotes efflux of calcium from synaptosomes, causes hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes, and dissipates the electrochemical gradient across muscle membrane. Predicted to have a pore-forming mechanism of action. The toxin is insecticidal and has been shown to be lethal to lepidopteran larvae. May function as a paralytic agent during prey capture and also provide protection from infectious organisms arising from prey ingestion. |
| Discovered |
1998 |
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| This toxin last updated on Aug 25, 2010 |
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| Current Taxonomy |
Historic Taxonomy |
| Kingdom |
Animalia |
| Phylum |
Arthropoda |
| Class |
Arachnida |
| Order |
Araneae |
| Infra-order |
Araneomorphae |
| Family |
Lycosidae |
| Genus |
Hogna |
| Species |
carolinensis |
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| Lycosa milberti |
| Lycosa pilosa |
| Lycosa tarentula carolinensis |
| Lycosa tarentula georgiana |
| Lycosa vehemens |
| Tarentula carolinensis |
| Geolycosa carolinensis |
| Geolycosa texana |
| Hogna carolinensis |
| Leimonia milberti |
| Lycosa carolinensis |
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| Antimicrobial |
| Antiparasitic |
| Cytolytic |
| Neurotoxin |
| Molecular Target |
ED50 |
IC50 |
Kd |
Pharmacophore |
Comment |
| Antibacterial |
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Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10-20 micromolar against Escherichia coli strain D31, 5 micromolar against Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, and 40 micromolar against Candida albicans. |
| Hemolytic |
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Lyses rabbit erythrocytes at 100 micromolar but not at concentrations below 30 micromolar. Causes 55% hemolysis at 200 micromolar, compared with 35% for a similar concentration of magainin B. |
| Taxon |
ED50 |
LD50 |
PD50 |
Qualitative Information |
| Spodoptera frugiperda |
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Yeast containing a Δ-lycotoxin-Hc1a transgene caused lethality when fed to S. frugiperda.
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| Source |
Accession |
| ArachnoServer
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AS000065 |
| NCBI_Taxon
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278031
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| UniProt
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P61507
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| Original Deposition References |
Yan L., Adams M.E.
J. Biol. Chem. 273:2059-2066(1998).
Lycotoxins, antimicrobial peptides from venom of the wolf spider Lycosa carolinensis.
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| Other References |
Luque-Ortega J.R., Gomes P., Seixas R., Rivas L., Andreu D.
J. Pept. Sci. 12(Issue S1):527
Leishmanicidal activity of antimicrobial peptides from the wolf spider Lycosa carolinensis
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Adão R., Seixas R., Gomes P., Pessoa J.C., Bastos M.
J. Pept. Sci. 14:528-534(2008).
Membrane structure and interactions of a short Lycotoxin I analogue.
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Hughes S.R., Dowd P.F., Hector R.E., Panavas T., Sterner D.E., Qureshi N., Bischoff K.M. et al.
J. Pept. Sci. 14:1039-1050(2008).
Lycotoxin-1 insecticidal peptide optimized by amino acid scanning mutagenesis and expressed as a coproduct in an ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.
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| Posttranslational modifications |
| Residue Number |
Type |
Symbol |
| 25 |
C-terminal amidation |
NH₂ |
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| Peptide Sequences |
>as:M-lycotoxin-Hc1a|sp:P61507 Antimicrobial peptide (Lycotoxin I) from the spider Hogna carolinensis
IWLTALKFLGKHAAKHLAKQQLSKL |
Full BLAST |
BLAST mature toxin only
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| Synonym |
Type |
| M-lycotoxin-Hc1a |
Recommended full name |
| M-LCTX-Hc1a |
Recommended abbreviation |
| Lycotoxin-1 |
Synonym |
| Lycotoxin I |
Synonym |
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