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| Toxin Name |
ω-ctenitoxin-Cs1a |
| Source Species |
Cupiennius salei (Wandering spider) |
| Toxin Group |
Ctenitoxin |
| Description |
This 74-residue peptide is the most abundant toxin in the venom of the neotropical Wandering spider Cupiennius salei and it displays the highest toxicity in mammalian and insect bioassays. It is a highly basic peptide (pI = 9.26) with four disulfides and a molecular mass of 8351 Da. Two naturally occurring degradation products (previously named CSTX-2a and -2b) are always present in low concentrations in the venom, but their activity is unknown. ω-CNTX-Cs1a specifically blocks both high- and low/mid-voltage-activated calcium (Cav) channels in cockroach dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, as well as L-type Cav channels in mammalian neurons. The toxin shows moderate insecticidal activity in blowflies. |
| Discovered |
1993 |
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Sex: female
Photo courtesy of Bastian Rast
Use of photo governed by creative
commons noncommercial license
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| This toxin last updated on Aug 23, 2010 |
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| Current Taxonomy |
Historic Taxonomy |
| Kingdom |
Animalia |
| Phylum |
Arthropoda |
| Class |
Arachnida |
| Order |
Araneae |
| Infra-order |
Araneomorphae |
| Family |
Ctenidae |
| Genus |
Cupiennius |
| Species |
salei |
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| Ancylometes ahrensi |
| Ctenus mordicus |
| Ctenus oculatus |
| Ctenus salei |
| Cupiennius ahrensi |
| Cupiennius salei |
| Cupiennius sallei |
| Phoneutria oculifera |
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| Molecular Target |
ED50 |
IC50 |
Kd |
Pharmacophore |
Comment |
| Calcium channel, voltage-gated (invertebrate): Invertebrate CaV channel, non-specific |
|
274.0
nM
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In cockroach DUM neurons, IC50 = 467 nM for mid- to low-voltage-activated Cav currents, and 274 nM for high-voltage-activated Cav currents. |
| Taxon |
ED50 |
LD50 |
PD50 |
Qualitative Information |
| Protophormia |
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1257.2
pmol/g
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LD50 calculated based on literature value of 10.5 ng/mg and M=8351.64 Da.
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| Original Deposition References |
Kuhn-Nentwig L., Schaller J., Nentwig W.
Toxicon 32:287-302(1994).
Purification of toxic peptides and the amino acid sequence of CSTX-1 from the multicomponent venom of Cupiennius salei (Araneae:Ctenidae).
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| Other References |
Nentwig W., Kuhn-Nentwig L., Schaller J., Kaempfer U.
Toxicon 36:1276-1276(1998).
Amino acid sequence of the toxic spider peptide CSTX-2 and its structural and physiological differences to CSTX-1.
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Kuhn-Nentwig L., Schaller J., Kaempfer U., Imboden H., Malli H., Nentwig W.
Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44:101-111(2000).
A lysine rich C-terminal tail is directly involved in the toxicity of CSTX-1, a neurotoxic peptide from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei.
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Malli H., Kuhn-Nentwig L., Imboden H., Moon M.J., Wyler T.
Cell Tissue Res. 299:417-426(2000).
Immunocytochemical localization and secretion process of the toxin CSTX-1 in the venom gland of the wandering spider Cupiennius salei (Araneae: Ctenidae).
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Kuhn-Nentwig L., Schaller J., Nentwig W.
Toxicon 43:543-53 (2004)
Biochemistry, toxicology and ecology of the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei (Ctenidae).
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Wullschleger B., Nentwig W., Kuhn-Nentwig L.
J. Exp. Biol. 208:2115-2121(2005).
Spider venom: enhancement of venom efficacy mediated by different synergistic strategies in Cupiennius salei.
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Kubista H., Mafra R.A., Chong Y., Nicholson G.M., Beirao P.S.L., Cruz J.S., Boehm S., Nentwig W., Kuhn-Nentwig L.
Neuropharmacology 52:1650-1662(2007).
CSTX-1, a toxin from the venom of the hunting spider Cupiennius salei, is a selective blocker of L-type calcium channels in mammalian neurons.
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| Disulfide Bonds |
Posttranslational modifications |
| Left Residue |
Right Residue |
Evidence |
| 2 |
17 |
By homology |
| 9 |
26 |
By homology |
| 16 |
44 |
By homology |
| 28 |
42 |
By homology |
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| Residue Number |
Type |
Symbol |
| 74 |
C-terminal amidation (Probable) |
NH₂ |
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| Peptide Sequences |
>as:ω-ctenitoxin-Cs1a|sp:P81694 Insect and mammal-active Cav channel blocker from the venom of the spider Cupiennius salei
SCIPKHEECTNDKHNCCRKGLFKLKCQCSTFDDESGQPTERCACGRPMGHQAIETGLNIF
RGLFKGKKKNKKTK |
Full BLAST
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| Synonym |
Type |
| ω-ctenitoxin-Cs1a |
Recommended full name |
| ω-CNTX-Cs1a |
Recommended abbreviation |
| CSTX-1 |
Synonym |
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