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| Toxin Name |
δ-ctenitoxin-Pn2a |
| Source Species |
Phoneutria nigriventer (Brazilian armed spider) |
| Toxin Group |
Ctenitoxin |
| Description |
Toxin inhibits inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels. The toxin enhances rat erectile function by increasing NO release in the cavernosum tissue. The toxin is lethal to mice and suggested (unpublished data) to be insecticidal to larval and adult house-fly (Musca domestica).
The primary sequence of this toxin shows strong homologies to δ-ctenitoxin-Pr2d from the related ctenid spider Phoneutria reidyi and to δ-ctenitoxin-Asp2e from the related ctenid spider Ancylometes sp.. |
| Discovered |
1992 |
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Sex: female, Prosoma length: 13mm
Photo courtesy of Bastian Rast
Use of photo governed by creative
commons noncommercial license
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| This toxin last updated on Dec 05, 2011 |
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| Current Taxonomy |
Historic Taxonomy |
| Kingdom |
Animalia |
| Phylum |
Arthropoda |
| Class |
Arachnida |
| Order |
Araneae |
| Infra-order |
Araneomorphae |
| Family |
Ctenidae |
| Genus |
Phoneutria |
| Species |
nigriventer |
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| Ctenus paca |
| Ctenus rufichelis |
| Phoneutria fera |
| Phoneutria luederwaldti |
| Phoneutria nigriventer |
| Phoneutria paca |
| Phoneutria rufichelis |
| Ctenus luederwaldti |
| Ctenus nigriventer |
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| Molecular Target |
ED50 |
IC50 |
Kd |
Pharmacophore |
Comment |
| Sodium channel, voltage-gated (vertebrate): Vertebrate NaV channel, non-selective |
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0.8
μM
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Native toxin inhibits inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels in frog (Rana catesbeiana) semitendinous muscle |
| Taxon |
ED50 |
LD50 |
PD50 |
Qualitative Information |
| Musca domestica |
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insecticidal to larvae and adult flies
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| Mus musculus |
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7.5 pmol/g (calculated from 0.0395 mg/kg and M=5288.03 g/mol) of native toxin is lethal to mice
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| Original Deposition References |
Cordeiro M.N., Diniz C.R., Valentim A.D.C., von Eickstedt V.R.D., Gilroy J., Richardson M.
FEBS Lett. 310:153-156(1992).
The purification and amino acid sequences of four Tx2 neurotoxins from the venom of the Brazilian 'armed' spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keys).
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Penaforte C.L., Kalapothakis E.
Submitted (AUG-2001) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
Molecular cloning of Tx2-6, a neurotoxin from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer.
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| Other References |
Matavel A., Cruz J.S., Penaforte C.L., Araújo D.A., Kalapothakis E., Prado V.F., Diniz C.R., Cordeiro M.N., Beirão P.S.
FEBS Lett. 523:219-223(2002).
Electrophysiological characterization and molecular identification of the Phoneutria nigriventer peptide toxin PnTx2-6.
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Richardson M., Pimenta A.M., Bemquerer M.P., Santoro M.M., Beirao P.S., Lima M.E., Figueiredo S.G., Bloch C. Jr., Vasconcelos E.A., Campos F.A., Gomes P.C., Cordeiro M.N.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 142(3-4):173-87 (2006)
Comparison of the partial proteomes of the venoms of Brazilian spiders of the genus Phoneutria.
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Nunes K.P., Costa-Gonçalves A., Lanza L.F., Cortes S.F., Cordeiro M.N., Richardson M., Pimenta A.M., Webb R.C., Leite R., De Lima M.E.
Toxicon 51:1197-1206(2008)
Tx2-6 toxin of the Phoneutria nigriventer spider potentiates rat erectile function.
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| Disulfide Bonds |
| Left Residue |
Right Residue |
Evidence |
| 3 |
17 |
Predicted |
| 10 |
23 |
Predicted |
| 14 |
46 |
Predicted |
| 16 |
31 |
Predicted |
| 25 |
29 |
Predicted |
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| Peptide Sequences |
>as:δ-ctenitoxin-Pn2a|sp:P29425 Toxin from venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer that slows down inactivation of Nav channels
MKVAILFLSILVLAVASESIEESRDDFAVEELGRATCAGQDQPCKETCDCCGERGECVCG
GPCICRQGYFWIAWYKLANCKK |
Full BLAST |
BLAST mature toxin only
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| mRNA Sequences |
>as:δ-ctenitoxin-Pn2a|gb:AY054746 cDNA sequence of a toxin from the venom gland of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer
TCGGCACGAGATCAGAATGAAAGTTGCAATCCTCTTCCTCTCTATTTTGGTGCTTGCTGT
TGCAAGTGAATCCATTGAAGAATCCCGTGATGATTTTGCTGTAGAAGAATTGGGGAGAGC
CACATGCGCTGGCCAAGACCAGCCCTGCAAAGAAACTTGCGACTGCTGTGGAGAGAGAGG
AGAATGTGTTTGCGGAGGACCTTGCATTTGCAGGCAAGGCTACTTTTGGATAGCATGGTA
TAAACTTGCTAACTGTAAAAAATGATATGGATTTATGTATACCACGATATAATAAATATA
TTGCATTTGAAAAAAAAAAAAAA |
Full BLAST
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| Synonym |
Type |
| δ-ctenitoxin-Pn2a |
Recommended full name |
| δ-CNTX-Pn2a |
Recommended abbreviation |
| Neurotoxin Tx2-6 |
Synonym |
| Tx2-6 |
Synonym (abbreviation) |
| PNTx2-6 |
Synonym (abbreviation) |
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